CTOS — Valuation Models

Interactive models with editable assumptions. All calculations run client-side.

Valuation Summary

Model	Intrinsic Value	vs Price ($7.19)
DCF	$6.26	-13.0%
Graham Number	—	—
Reverse DCF	—	implied g: 8.7%
DDM	—	—
EV/EBITDA	$7.19	-0.0%

Values reflect default assumptions. Adjust inputs in each model below to update.

1 — Discounted Cash Flow (DCF)

Assumptions

Base FCF($B)Yahoo: $188.34M

Near-term growth (yrs 1–5)(%)Rev: 7.8% / EPS: —

Long-term growth (yrs 6–10)(%)

Terminal growth rate(%)

WACC(%)Computed: 4.24%

Computed WACC: 4.24%

Cost of equity (Re)10.73%(Rf 4.30% + β 1.17 × ERP 5.50%)

Cost of debt (Rd)0.00%(no debt / unavailable → 0%)

Tax rate (T)21.00%(US statutory fallback)

Equity weight (E/V)39.54%

Debt weight (D/V)60.46%

Results

Intrinsic Value / share$55.52

Current Price$7.19

Upside / Downside+672.2%

Net Debt (used)$2.48B

Sensitivity: WACC (rows) × Near-term g (cols)

WACC \ Near-term	-0.2%	3.8%	7.8%	11.8%	15.8%
7.0%	$6.68	$10.18	$14.23	$18.91	$24.29
8.0%	$3.46	$6.27	$9.52	$13.26	$17.56
9.0%	$1.24	$3.56	$6.26	$9.36	$12.91
10.0%	$-0.39	$1.59	$3.87	$6.50	$9.51
11.0%	$-1.64	$0.08	$2.05	$4.32	$6.92

2 — Graham Number

Assumptions

MultiplierGraham used 22.5 (15× P/E × 1.5× P/B)

EPS (trailing)($)Yahoo: $-0.11

Book Value / share($)Yahoo: $3.46

Results

Graham Number requires positive EPS and positive Book Value per share. EPS is zero or negative.

Graham Number—

Current Price$7.19

Margin of Safety—

Formula: √(22.5 × max(0,EPS) × max(0,BVPS))

3 — Reverse DCF (Implied Growth)

Assumptions

WACC(%)Computed: 4.24%

Terminal growth rate(%)

Computed WACC: 4.24%

Cost of equity (Re)10.73%(Rf 4.30% + β 1.17 × ERP 5.50%)

Cost of debt (Rd)0.00%(no debt / unavailable → 0%)

Tax rate (T)21.00%(US statutory fallback)

Equity weight (E/V)39.54%

Debt weight (D/V)60.46%

Results

Current Price$7.19

Implied Near-term FCF Growth-10.7%

Historical Revenue Growth7.8%

Historical Earnings Growth—

Base FCF (TTM)$188.34M

Implied growth is the FCF growth rate (yrs 1–5) that makes the DCF intrinsic value equal the current price. Long-term growth is set to half the implied near-term rate.

4 — Dividend Discount Model (DDM)

Assumptions

Annual dividend D0($/share)Yahoo: —

Dividend growth rate (g)(%)

Required return (r)(%)

Results

This company does not pay a dividend. DDM is not applicable — the intrinsic value shown uses D0 = $0 unless you enter a hypothetical dividend above.

DDM Intrinsic Value / share—

Current Price$7.19

Upside / Downside—

Formula: D0 × (1+g) / (r − g)

5 — EV/EBITDA Multiple

Assumptions

EBITDA($B)Yahoo: $181.73M

Target EV/EBITDA multipleCurrent: 22.6×

Net Debt($B)Default: $2.48B

Results

Implied Equity Value / share$7.19

Current Price$7.19

Upside / Downside-0.0%

Implied EV$4.11B

Sensitivity: EV/EBITDA multiple (rows) × Net Debt (cols)

Mult \ Net Debt	$478.25M	$1.48B	$2.48B	$3.48B	$4.48B
18.6x	$12.81	$8.40	$3.98	$-0.43	$-4.85
20.6x	$14.41	$10.00	$5.59	$1.17	$-3.24
22.6x	$16.02	$11.60	$7.19	$2.78	$-1.64
24.6x	$17.62	$13.21	$8.79	$4.38	$-0.03
26.6x	$19.23	$14.81	$10.40	$5.98	$1.57

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