VRRM — Valuation Models

Interactive models with editable assumptions. All calculations run client-side.

Valuation Summary

Model	Intrinsic Value	vs Price ($16.50)
DCF	$12.05	-27.0%
Graham Number	$6.04	-63.4%
Reverse DCF	—	implied g: 20.2%
DDM	—	—
EV/EBITDA	$16.50	-0.0%

Values reflect default assumptions. Adjust inputs in each model below to update.

1 — Discounted Cash Flow (DCF)

Assumptions

Base FCF($B)Yahoo: $82.94M

Near-term growth (yrs 1–5)(%)Rev: 16.4% / EPS: —

Long-term growth (yrs 6–10)(%)

Terminal growth rate(%)

WACC(%)Computed: 6.91%

Computed WACC: 6.91%

Cost of equity (Re)7.71%(Rf 4.30% + β 0.62 × ERP 5.50%)

Cost of debt (Rd)6.26%(interest expense ÷ avg debt (SEC))

Tax rate (T)21.00%(US statutory fallback)

Equity weight (E/V)71.18%

Debt weight (D/V)28.82%

Results

Intrinsic Value / share$22.01

Current Price$16.50

Upside / Downside+33.4%

Net Debt (used)$997.75M

Sensitivity: WACC (rows) × Near-term g (cols)

WACC \ Near-term	8.4%	12.4%	16.4%	20.4%	24.4%
7.0%	$13.37	$17.10	$21.38	$26.29	$31.86
8.0%	$9.49	$12.45	$15.85	$19.74	$24.17
9.0%	$6.81	$9.25	$12.05	$15.24	$18.87
10.0%	$4.86	$6.92	$9.28	$11.96	$15.01
11.0%	$3.38	$5.15	$7.17	$9.47	$12.09

2 — Graham Number

Assumptions

MultiplierGraham used 22.5 (15× P/E × 1.5× P/B)

EPS (trailing)($)Yahoo: $0.85

Book Value / share($)Yahoo: $1.91

Results

Graham Number$6.04

Current Price$16.50

Margin of Safety-63.4%

Formula: √(22.5 × max(0,EPS) × max(0,BVPS))

3 — Reverse DCF (Implied Growth)

Assumptions

WACC(%)Computed: 6.91%

Terminal growth rate(%)

Computed WACC: 6.91%

Cost of equity (Re)7.71%(Rf 4.30% + β 0.62 × ERP 5.50%)

Cost of debt (Rd)6.26%(interest expense ÷ avg debt (SEC))

Tax rate (T)21.00%(US statutory fallback)

Equity weight (E/V)71.18%

Debt weight (D/V)28.82%

Results

Current Price$16.50

Implied Near-term FCF Growth12.9%

Historical Revenue Growth16.4%

Historical Earnings Growth—

Base FCF (TTM)$82.94M

Implied growth is the FCF growth rate (yrs 1–5) that makes the DCF intrinsic value equal the current price. Long-term growth is set to half the implied near-term rate.

4 — Dividend Discount Model (DDM)

Assumptions

Annual dividend D0($/share)Yahoo: —

Dividend growth rate (g)(%)

Required return (r)(%)

Results

This company does not pay a dividend. DDM is not applicable — the intrinsic value shown uses D0 = $0 unless you enter a hypothetical dividend above.

DDM Intrinsic Value / share—

Current Price$16.50

Upside / Downside—

Formula: D0 × (1+g) / (r − g)

5 — EV/EBITDA Multiple

Assumptions

EBITDA($B)Yahoo: $361.85M

Target EV/EBITDA multipleCurrent: 9.7×

Net Debt($B)Default: $997.75M

Results

Implied Equity Value / share$16.50

Current Price$16.50

Upside / Downside-0.0%

Implied EV$3.50B

Sensitivity: EV/EBITDA multiple (rows) × Net Debt (cols)

Mult \ Net Debt	-$1.00B	-$2.25M	$997.75M	$2.00B	$3.00B
5.7x	$20.15	$13.54	$6.94	$0.33	$-6.28
7.7x	$24.93	$18.32	$11.72	$5.11	$-1.50
9.7x	$29.71	$23.11	$16.50	$9.89	$3.29
11.7x	$34.49	$27.89	$21.28	$14.67	$8.07
13.7x	$39.27	$32.67	$26.06	$19.45	$12.85

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