VVV — Valuation Models

Interactive models with editable assumptions. All calculations run client-side.

Valuation Summary

Model	Intrinsic Value	vs Price ($38.30)
DCF	$-16.63	-143.4%
Graham Number	$6.17	-83.9%
Reverse DCF	—	—
DDM	—	—
EV/EBITDA	$33.10	-13.6%

Values reflect default assumptions. Adjust inputs in each model below to update.

1 — Discounted Cash Flow (DCF)

Assumptions

Base FCF($B)Yahoo: -$16.81M

Near-term growth (yrs 1–5)(%)Rev: 28.1% / EPS: 40.3%

Long-term growth (yrs 6–10)(%)

Terminal growth rate(%)

WACC(%)Computed: 9.93%

Computed WACC: 9.93%

Cost of equity (Re)10.88%(Rf 4.30% + β 1.20 × ERP 5.50%)

Cost of debt (Rd)6.98%(interest expense ÷ avg debt (SEC))

Tax rate (T)21.00%(US statutory fallback)

Equity weight (E/V)82.28%

Debt weight (D/V)17.72%

Results

Intrinsic Value / share$-14.04

Current Price$38.30

Upside / Downside-136.7%

Net Debt (used)$0

Sensitivity: WACC (rows) × Near-term g (cols)

WACC \ Near-term	32.3%	36.3%	40.3%	44.3%	48.3%
7.0%	$-19.60	$-22.68	$-26.13	$-30.00	$-34.32
8.0%	$-15.40	$-17.80	$-20.50	$-23.53	$-26.90
9.0%	$-12.53	$-14.47	$-16.66	$-19.10	$-21.82
10.0%	$-10.45	$-12.06	$-13.87	$-15.90	$-18.16
11.0%	$-8.89	$-10.25	$-11.78	$-13.49	$-15.40

2 — Graham Number

Assumptions

MultiplierGraham used 22.5 (15× P/E × 1.5× P/B)

EPS (trailing)($)Yahoo: $0.70

Book Value / share($)Yahoo: $2.42

Results

Graham Number$6.17

Current Price$38.30

Margin of Safety-83.9%

Formula: √(22.5 × max(0,EPS) × max(0,BVPS))

3 — Reverse DCF (Implied Growth)

Assumptions

WACC(%)Computed: 9.93%

Terminal growth rate(%)

Computed WACC: 9.93%

Cost of equity (Re)10.88%(Rf 4.30% + β 1.20 × ERP 5.50%)

Cost of debt (Rd)6.98%(interest expense ÷ avg debt (SEC))

Tax rate (T)21.00%(US statutory fallback)

Equity weight (E/V)82.28%

Debt weight (D/V)17.72%

Results

Reverse DCF requires positive TTM free cash flow.

Current Price$38.30

Implied Near-term FCF Growth—

Historical Revenue Growth28.1%

Historical Earnings Growth40.3%

Base FCF (TTM)-$16.81M

Implied growth is the FCF growth rate (yrs 1–5) that makes the DCF intrinsic value equal the current price. Long-term growth is set to half the implied near-term rate.

4 — Dividend Discount Model (DDM)

Assumptions

Annual dividend D0($/share)Yahoo: —

Dividend growth rate (g)(%)

Required return (r)(%)

Results

This company does not pay a dividend. DDM is not applicable — the intrinsic value shown uses D0 = $0 unless you enter a hypothetical dividend above.

DDM Intrinsic Value / share—

Current Price$38.30

Upside / Downside—

Formula: D0 × (1+g) / (r − g)

5 — EV/EBITDA Multiple

Assumptions

EBITDA($B)Yahoo: $351.20M

Target EV/EBITDA multipleCurrent: —×

Net Debt($B)Default: $0

Results

Implied Equity Value / share$33.10

Current Price$38.30

Upside / Downside-13.6%

Implied EV$4.21B

Sensitivity: EV/EBITDA multiple (rows) × Net Debt (cols)

Mult \ Net Debt	-$2.00B	-$1.00B	$0	$1.00B	$2.00B
8.0x	$37.78	$29.92	$22.07	$14.21	$6.36
10.0x	$43.29	$35.44	$27.58	$19.73	$11.88
12.0x	$48.81	$40.96	$33.10	$25.25	$17.39
14.0x	$54.33	$46.47	$38.62	$30.76	$22.91
16.0x	$59.84	$51.99	$44.14	$36.28	$28.43

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